The fourth chapter of the ISOTOPE or Different Elements class looks at the elementary particles in the periodic table and the various experiments that measure the quantities in them. When you have finished reading this chapter, you should be ready to answer some of the following worksheet questions.
It is sometimes hard to imagine that common elements such as silicon, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen can be found in nature. And when you are asked to consider atoms of carbon, for example, the key element is chlorine. For atoms of chlorine, the nucleus has two electrons. Its electrons are strongly attracted to the nucleus, so it has no nuclear force that would hold the atom together.
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You should remember that although common elements are very common, they do not occur in the same quantities as isotopes or different elements. Each element has a specific number of protons in its nucleus. There is also a slight difference in the number of neutrons in the nucleus, but only by about five percent.
The types of atoms that can be created when the nuclei of different elements combine are sometimes called isotopes. Since these elements tend to attract each other, the atoms are sometimes unstable. A person with adequate medical training can tell you what an unstable atom can do to you.
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Isotopes often decay so rapidly that scientists can observe them, even after they have been found in nature. These materials usually give off heavy ions that can be detected in a special laboratory ionizing chamber. So, you can now be sure that you are clear about the question, “Are there any isotopes of common elements?”
Scientists have come up with stable isotopes of silicon, sulfur, chlorine, and uranium. These new isotopes are easier to work with than the unstable isotopes of old elements, but not so easy that they can exist in nature.
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Isotopes of chlorine are made in research laboratories, and they are considered very useful in this respect. So, researchers should work hard to produce them as they can.
Isotopes of chlorine are made in the laboratory by mixing silicon, sulfur, and chlorine. After mixing the elements, they are then exposed to an accelerator that shoots electrons at them. The electrons make the atoms heavy, and they emit ionized gas that scientists can detect in the laboratories.
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Isotopes of chlorine are easy to create, and it is possible to make a one-inch sphere out of each one. An isotope of chlorine that could be used in the environment is the chalcogenide. This material is believed to be stable, because it has not been shown to have adverse health effects.
Isotopes of other elements are sometimes created in experiments on atoms of hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen will disintegrate into its isotopes after a short period of time, but the atoms that are left behind will be very heavy. Therefore, scientists make little spheres of these atoms and fuse them with the neutrons from sodium.
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Isotopes of potassium and uranium can be made by combining the two heavy isotopes of lithium, that are made by the reactions of lithium with the neutrons from plutonium. Scientists can test these compounds to see if they contain radioactive materials.
Isotopes of sodium and potassium are available from material that is used to make plastics. If you take these isotopes in your daily diet, you will be protecting yourself from radioactive contamination.
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